@article {8328, title = {Bargaining Power, Parental Caregiving, and Intergenerational Coresidence}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences}, volume = {70}, year = {2015}, pages = {969-980}, publisher = {70}, abstract = {Objective. To examine the effect of changes in parent child coresidence on caregiving decisions of non-resident siblings over a 5-year period while controlling for characteristics of the elderly parent and adult children in the family network.Method. We use difference-in-difference models applied to Health and Retirement Study-Assets and Health Dynamics of the Elderly data to test the hypothesis that the formation of a joint household between a parent and one of her children raises the bargaining power of non-resident siblings, who then reduce their care to the parent. Similarly, the dissolution of a parent child household is expected to increase the bargaining power of the child who no longer coresides with the parent relative to her siblings.Results. We find that children whose parent and sibling begin coresiding during the study period are less likely to provide care and provide fewer hours of care than children whose parents never coresided with a child. Adult children whose parent cease coresiding with a sibling, on the other hand, have a higher likelihood of providing care and provide significantly more hours of care relative to children whose parents either coresided with a sibling in both time periods or never coresided with a child.Discussion. Meeting the needs of the growing elderly population while maintaining them in the community is a particular focus of long-term care policy. To the extent that shared living is an important component of such care, the observed sensitivity of non-resident children s caregiving efforts has implications for the well-being of both disabled parents and their coresiding adult children.}, keywords = {Adult children, Event History/Life Cycle, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare, Public Policy}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbu079}, url = {http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/03/geronb.gbu079.abstract}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Robert A. Pollak and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {8277, title = {Harmonizing Measures of Cognitive Performance Across International Surveys of Aging Using Item Response Theory.}, journal = {J Aging Health}, volume = {27}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Dec}, pages = {1392-414}, publisher = {27}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To harmonize measures of cognitive performance using item response theory (IRT) across two international aging studies.

METHOD: Data for persons >=65 years from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N = 9,471) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA, N = 5,444). Cognitive performance measures varied (HRS fielded 25, ELSA 13); 9 were in common. Measurement precision was examined for IRT scores based on (a) common items, (b) common items adjusted for differential item functioning (DIF), and (c) DIF-adjusted all items.

RESULTS: Three common items (day of date, immediate word recall, and delayed word recall) demonstrated DIF by survey. Adding survey-specific items improved precision but mainly for HRS respondents at lower cognitive levels.

DISCUSSION: IRT offers a feasible strategy for harmonizing cognitive performance measures across other surveys and for other multi-item constructs of interest in studies of aging. Practical implications depend on sample distribution and the difficulty mix of in-common and survey-specific items.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Female, Humans, Internationality, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychological Theory, Reproducibility of Results, Surveys and Questionnaires, United Kingdom, United States}, issn = {1552-6887}, doi = {10.1177/0898264315583054}, author = {Kitty S. Chan and Alden L Gross and Liliana E Pezzin and Jason Brandt and Judith D Kasper} } @article {7872, title = {Complex Families and Late-Life Outcomes Among Elderly Persons: Disability, Institutionalization, and Longevity}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, volume = {75}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {1084-1097}, publisher = {75}, abstract = {The authors examined the effects of marital status and family structure on disability, institutionalization, and longevity for a nationally representative sample of elderly persons using Gompertz duration models applied to longitudinal data from 3 cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study (N=11,481). They found that parents with only stepchildren have worse outcomes than parents with only biological children. Elderly mothers with only stepchildren become disabled and institutionalized sooner, and elderly men with only stepchildren have shorter longevity relative to their counterparts with only biological children. The effect of membership in a blended family differs by gender. Relative to those with only biological children, women in blended families have greater longevity and become disabled later, whereas men in blended families have reduced longevity. The findings indicate that changing marital patterns and increased complexity in family life have adverse effects on late-life health outcomes.}, keywords = {Adult children, Disabilities}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Robert A. Pollak and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {7623, title = {Measurement equivalence in ADL and IADL difficulty across international surveys of aging: findings from the HRS, SHARE, and ELSA.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {67}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jan}, pages = {121-32}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To examine the measurement equivalence of items on disability across three international surveys of aging.

METHOD: Data for persons aged 65 and older were drawn from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS, n = 10,905), English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA, n = 5,437), and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, n = 13,408). Differential item functioning (DIF) was assessed using item response theory (IRT) methods for activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items.

RESULTS: HRS and SHARE exhibited measurement equivalence, but 6 of 11 items in ELSA demonstrated meaningful DIF. At the scale level, this item-level DIF affected scores reflecting greater disability. IRT methods also spread out score distributions and shifted scores higher (toward greater disability). Results for mean disability differences by demographic characteristics, using original and DIF-adjusted scores, were the same overall but differed for some subgroup comparisons involving ELSA.

DISCUSSION: Testing and adjusting for DIF is one means of minimizing measurement error in cross-national survey comparisons. IRT methods were used to evaluate potential measurement bias in disability comparisons across three international surveys of aging. The analysis also suggested DIF was mitigated for scales including both ADL and IADL and that summary indexes (counts of limitations) likely underestimate mean disability in these international populations.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Bias, Europe, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Internationality, Longitudinal Studies, Male, United States}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbr133}, author = {Kitty S. Chan and Judith D Kasper and Jason Brandt and Liliana E Pezzin} } @article {7465, title = {Stability and changes in living arrangements: relationship to nursing home admission and timing of placement.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {65}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Nov}, pages = {783-91}, publisher = {65}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether stability of living arrangements and changes in household composition-both types and frequency-influence nursing home placement or timing to entry among older people.

METHODS: Data from the first 5 waves of the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Elderly (1993-2002) on 8,093 persons aged 70 years or older at baseline are used in probit and hazard models to predict nursing home entry and time to entry.

RESULTS: Stable living arrangements carry different risks of institutionalization. Those living continuously alone or with others were at highest risk; at lowest risk were those living continuously with a spouse or the same child (lowest overall). Changes in household composition were protective against nursing home entry and slowed time to entry; types of change were not influential when number of changes was taken into account.

DISCUSSION: Results suggest that stability of living arrangements in and of itself is not protective against institutionalization. Having options that allow one to change living arrangements over time in response to changing needs for assistance is of importance if the goal is to avoid institutional care or extend community residence prior to entry.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Status, Homes for the Aged, Humans, Institutionalization, Male, Marital Status, Multivariate Analysis, Nursing homes, Risk Factors, Single Person, Socioeconomic factors, Time Factors, United States}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbq023}, author = {Judith D Kasper and Liliana E Pezzin and Rice, J Bradford} } @article {7271, title = {Parental marital disruption, family type, and transfers to disabled elderly parents.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {63}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Nov}, pages = {S349-58}, publisher = {63B}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parental marital status, marital history, and family type on intergenerational living arrangements and adult children{\textquoteright}s time and cash transfers to their unpartnered disabled elderly parents.

METHODS: We used data from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old survey to estimate the joint probabilities that an adult child provides time and/or cash transfers to a parent and to analyze a five-level categorical variable capturing parent-child living arrangements.

RESULT: The estimates suggest significant detrimental effects of parental divorce and step relationship on time transfers and on the probability of coresidence with the index child. Family type, as captured by the composition of the index child{\textquoteright}s sibling network according to kin relationship to the parent, also affected transfers and living arrangement choices of adult children.

DISCUSSION: The findings that transfers from adult children to their unpartnered disabled elderly parents depend on parental marital status and kin relationship suggest that changing family patterns are altering the traditional role of the family as a support network. These findings raise concerns about the care likely to be available to future cohorts of elderly persons who will have experienced substantially higher rates of divorce, remarriage, and step parenthood than the cohort considered in this study.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Altruism, Divorce, Family Characteristics, Female, Frail Elderly, Gift Giving, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Parent-Child Relations, Residence Characteristics, Siblings, United States}, issn = {1079-5014}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/63.6.s349}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Robert A. Pollak and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {5604, title = {Bargaining Power and Intergenerational Coresidence: Adult children and their disabled elderly parents}, year = {2004}, institution = {Medical College of Wisconsin}, abstract = {Because of gradual deterioration with age or sudden health shocks, elderly persons face a considerable probability of becoming disabled and unable to care for themselves. About 20\% of older U.S. adults have chronic disabilities (Manton and Gu 2001); roughly one-third have mobility limitations and 7-8\% have severe cognitive impairments (Freedman and Martin 1998; Freedman et al. 2000). Recent evidence suggests a downward trend in the age-adjusted prevalence of disability and functional limitations, raising hope that long term care burdens on families and public programs will be less than feared. At the same time, growth in the elderly population and evidence that the level of disability of those who are disabled has increased (Spillman and Pezzin 2000), suggest that changes in the overall demand for long term care in the future are, at best, ambiguous. }, keywords = {Adult children, Disabilities}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.599.9465\&rep=rep1\&type=pdf}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Robert A. Pollak and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {6626, title = {Parental marital disruption and intergenerational transfers: an analysis of lone elderly parents and their children.}, journal = {Demography}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, note = {ProCite field 3 : Johns Hopkins U; Agency for Health Care Policy and Research}, month = {1999 Aug}, pages = {287-97}, publisher = {36}, abstract = {

Although one of the most marked demographic trends observed over the twentieth century is the increased rate of divorce, relatively little research has explored the effects of these changing marital patterns in the context of an aging society. Using a sample of lone elderly parents and their adult children, we analyze the direct and indirect effects of marital disruption on four important dimensions of intergenerational transfers: coresidence, financial assistance, adult children{\textquoteright}s provision of informal care, and parental purchase of paid care. Our findings suggest that divorce has deleterious effects on intergenerational transfers, particularly for elderly fathers. Remarriage further reduces exchange. Our results reveal that parents engage in lower levels of transfers with stepchildren relative to biological children. Moreover, intergenerational transfers are sensitive to characteristics of biological children but not to those of stepchildren. Taken together, these results suggest that exchange at the end of the life course continues to be adversely affected by marital disruption.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Caregivers, Chi-Square Distribution, Divorce, Family, Father-Child Relations, Female, Financial Support, Frail Elderly, Home Nursing, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Loneliness, Male, Marriage, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Sample Size, Sampling Studies, Socioeconomic factors}, issn = {0070-3370}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Barbara Steinberg Schone} }