@article {10131, title = {Alternative retirement paths and cognitive performance: Exploring the role of preretirement job complexity.}, journal = {The Gerontologist}, volume = {60}, year = {2020}, type = {Journal}, chapter = {460-471}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent research suggests that working longer may be protective of cognitive functioning in later life, especially for workers in low complexity jobs. As postretirement work becomes increasingly popular, it is important to understand how various retirement pathways influence cognitive function. The present study examines cognitive changes as a function of job complexity in the context of different types of retirement transitions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine change in cognitive function for workers who have held low, moderate, and high complexity jobs and move through distinct retirement pathways-retiring and returning to work, partial retirement-compared with those who fully retire or remain full-time workers. Inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (a propensity score method) is used to adjust for selection effects.

RESULTS: There are systematic variations in the relationships between work and cognitive performance as a function of job complexity and retirement pathways. All retirement pathways were associated with accelerated cognitive decline for workers in low complexity jobs. In contrast, for high complexity workers retirement was not associated with accelerated cognitive decline and retiring and returning to work was associated with modest improvement in cognitive functioning.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Both policy makers and individuals are beginning to embrace longer working lives which offer variety of potential benefits. Our findings suggest that continued full-time work also may be protective for cognitive health in workers who hold low complexity jobs.

}, keywords = {Cognitive Ability, Employment and Labor Force, Trajectories}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnz079}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31289823?dopt=Abstract}, author = {Dawn C Carr and Robert J. Willis and Ben Lennox Kail and Carstensen, Lisbeth} } @article {9592, title = {Double Disadvantage in the Process of Disablement: Race as a Moderator in the Association Between Chronic Conditions and Functional Limitations.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, year = {2020}, month = {2018 Apr 16}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study evaluated (a) whether the association between chronic conditions and functional limitations vary by race/ethnicity, and (b) whether socioeconomic status accounted for any observed racial variation in the association between chronic conditions and functional limitations.

Method: The Health and Retirement Study data were used to assess whether race/ethnicity moderated the association between chronic conditions and functional limitations, and whether education, income, and/or wealth mediated any of the observed moderation by race/ethnicity.

Results: Results from structural equation models of latent growth curves with random onset indicated that (a) the positive association between chronic conditions and functional limitations onset was larger for African Americans and Hispanics than it was for Whites, but (b) this difference largely persisted net of socioeconomic status.

Discussion: African Americans and Hispanics endure a multiplicative double disadvantage in the early stages of the disablement process where they experience (a) a more rapid onset and higher levels of functional limitations, and (b) greater risk of functional limitation onset associated with chronic conditions compared to their White counterparts. Moreover, basic economic policies are unlikely to curtail the greater risk of functional limitations onset associated with chronic conditions encountered by African Americans and Hispanics.

}, keywords = {Chronic conditions, Functional limitations, Racial/ethnic differences}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gby027}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and Miles G Taylor and Rogers, Nick} } @article {10940, title = {More than Selection Effects: Volunteering is Associated with Benefits in Cognitive Functioning}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Volunteering is a lifestyle behavior that bolsters cognitive resilience. However, previous studies have not assessed the degree to which cognitive functioning is predictive of becoming a volunteer (i.e., selection into volunteering), and how this might contribute to superior cognitive performance observed among volunteers. The purpose of this brief report is to address the role of cognition-related selection into becoming a volunteer in the association between formal volunteering and two cognitive measures: (1) overall cognitive function, and (2) self-rated memory.The Health and Retirement Study was used to assess whether, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, formal volunteering is associated with cognitive function.Selection explained between 4.9\% and 29\% of the effect of volunteering on cognitive function (depending on the cognitive outcome and the level of volunteering). However, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, among all cognitive measures there are beneficial effects of formal volunteering on cognitive function.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition, Health Promotion, Volunteer activity}, isbn = {1079-5014}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa101}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and Dawn C Carr} } @article {10388, title = {Structural Social Support and Changes in Depression during the Retirement Transition: "I Get by With a Little Help from My Friends".}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences}, volume = {75}, year = {2020}, pages = {2040-2049}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated whether (a) retirement was associated with increased depressive symptoms, (b) four sources social support were associated with decreased depressive symptoms, and (c) whether the relationship between retirement and depressive symptoms varied across four sources social support.

METHOD: Health and Retirement Study data were used to assess whether four measures of structural support moderated the association between transitioning to full retirement (relative to remaining in full time work) and symptoms of depression.

RESULTS: Results from two stage mixed-effects multilevel models indicated (a) on average retirement was associated with a small but significant increase in depressive symptoms after adjusting for pre-retirement social support, (b) on average, social support not associated with changes in symptoms of depression, but (c) social support from friends moderates the association between retirement and symptoms of depression such that at low levels of social support, retirement was associated with a sizeable increase in depressive symptoms, but this association decreased as level of social support from friends increased.

DISCUSSION: Results suggest people with low levels of social support may benefit from actively cultivating friendships in retirement to help mitigate some of deleterious effects of retirement.

}, keywords = {depression, Retirement, Social Support}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbz126}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and Dawn C Carr} } @article {6488, title = {How Does Employment-Based Insurance Coverage Relate to Health After Early Retirement?}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {74}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Sep 15}, pages = {1211-1212}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, depression, Employment, Female, Health Benefit Plans, Employee, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, United States}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbw020}, url = {http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/03/17/geronb.gbw020.short}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {9356, title = {Does Becoming A Volunteer Attenuate Loneliness Among Recently Widowed Older Adults?}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, volume = {73}, year = {2018}, pages = {501-510}, abstract = {

Objectives: Loneliness is a significant public health concern, particularly for those who have lost a spouse through widowhood. This study examines whether becoming a volunteer at the time of widowhood is associated with reduction of these risks.

Method: A pooled sample of 5,882 married adults age 51+, drawn from the 2006-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, was used to estimate regression models of the relationship between becoming widowed (relative to staying continuously married) and loneliness, and whether the associated loneliness of having lost a spouse is moderated by starting to volunteer (<2 hr, 2+ hr/week).

Results: Our results show that for those who become widowed, loneliness is significantly higher than those who stay continuously married. However, starting to volunteer 2+ hr per week is related to attenuated loneliness among the widowed such that widows who volunteer at that intensity have levels of loneliness similar to those of continuously married individuals volunteering at the same intensity.

Discussion: This study suggests higher intensity volunteering may be a particularly important pathway for alleviating loneliness among older adults who have recently become widowed. Results are discussed in light of theory, future research, and potential interventions.

}, keywords = {Bereavement, Depressive symptoms, Loneliness, Volunteerism, Widowhood}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbx092}, author = {Dawn C Carr and Ben Lennox Kail and Matz-Costa, Christina and Yochai Z Shavit} } @article {10000, title = {The impacts of service related exposures on trajectories of mental health among aging veterans.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, volume = {73}, year = {2018}, pages = {e131-e142}, abstract = {Objectives: Drawing on life-course perspective and cumulative advantage theory, we examined whether service related exposures (SREs)-combat and exposure to death-have lasting impacts on depressive symptom and psychiatric problem trajectories of aging veterans. Methods: The Health and Retirement Study and linked 2013 Veterans Mail Survey were used to examine SREs and mental health among older veterans between 2002 and 2012 (N = 1,662). Latent growth curves were used to measure how individuals vary from average mental health trajectories based on SREs and other important covariates. Results: Exposure to death had a significant and lasting effect on depressive symptoms for veterans in late life but was reduced to nonsignificance when physical health trajectories were included. Combat and exposure to death had independent and robust impacts on psychiatric problems, which were robust in final models. Discussion: SREs presented varied and significant impacts, suggesting that combat does not work alone in driving poor mental health trajectories, and that exposure to death is a more robust risk marker for later outcomes.}, keywords = {Depressive symptoms, Health Trajectories, Veterans}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbw149}, author = {Urena, Stephanie and Miles G Taylor and Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {9361, title = {The Relation of Volunteering and Subsequent Changes in Physical Disability in Older Adults.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, volume = {73}, year = {2018}, pages = {511-521}, abstract = {

Objectives: To describe the association between initiating volunteering and changes in physical disability in older adults, and whether intensity and gender modify this relationship.

Methods: Employing propensity score weighted regression adjustment, we calculate changes in disability using a sample of U.S. adults (n = 7,135) in the Health and Retirement Study (1996-2012) not volunteering at baseline but later initiating volunteering (1-99 hr/year or 100+ hours per year) or remaining a nonvolunteer.

Results: Relative to continuous nonvolunteers, low-intensity volunteering is related to 34\% lower disability in the low-intensity group (average treatment effect [ATE] = -0.12) and 63\% lower in the higher-intensity group (ATE = -0.23). For men, progression was lower only in the highest intensity group (ATE = +0.02), but women experienced similarly less progression of disability (38\%-39\%) at either level of new engagement (ATE = -0.17 and -0.18).

Discussion: Initiating a new volunteer role in later life is related to decreased progression of disability, at low or high levels for women and only at higher levels for men. This study suggests that volunteer intervention programs may represent a major public health strategy to delay the progression of physical disability for older adults.

}, keywords = {Disabilities, Health Conditions and Status, Volunteerism}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbx102}, author = {Dawn C Carr and Ben Lennox Kail and John W Rowe} } @article {8492, title = {Successful Aging in the Context of the Disablement Process: Working and Volunteering as Moderators on the Association Between Chronic Conditions and Subsequent Functional Limitations.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {72}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Mar 01}, pages = {340-350}, abstract = {

Objectives : This study evaluated the successful aging model by assessing the impact of two forms of productive engagement-working and volunteering-as potential interventions in the process of disablement.

Method : The Health and Retirement Study was used to (a) estimate two-stage selection equations of (i) currently working part time and full time and (ii) currently volunteering less than 100 hours and volunteering 100 hours or more per year (net of chronic health problems) and (b) assess whether, net of selection, working, and volunteering moderate the association between chronic conditions and subsequent functional limitations.

Results : Chronic conditions were associated with elevated levels of subsequent functional limitations, whereas both working and volunteering were associated with lower levels of subsequent functional limitations. Moreover, workers and volunteers of less than 100 hours per year experienced a reduction in the association of chronic conditions on subsequent functional limitations.

Discussion : This research highlights the role of productive engagement as a key element in successful aging. Not only do work and volunteering have direct associations with health outcomes themselves, but they also act as potential interventions in the process of disablement by attenuating the way in which chronic conditions are translated into subsequent functional limitations. This suggests that (a) future research should apply successful aging models to health processes as well as health outcomes and (b) policy makers should support social institutions that foster late-life productive engagement.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Disabled Persons, Employment, Female, Humans, Male, United States, Volunteers}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbw060}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225973}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and Dawn C Carr} } @article {8530, title = {Do Higher Levels of Resilience Buffer the Deleterious Impact of Chronic Illness on Disability in Later Life?}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {56}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 06}, pages = {514-24}, abstract = {

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In examining the ability of resilience, or the ability to navigate adversity in a manner that protects well-being, to buffer the impact of chronic disease onset on disability in later life, the authors tested 2 hypotheses: (a) People with greater levels of resilience will have lower levels of disability and (b) resilience will moderate the association between the onset of a new chronic condition and subsequent disability.

DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used a sample of 10,753 Americans between the ages of 51 and 98, derived from 3 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2010). Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the impact of resilience on changes in disability (measured as difficulty with activities of daily living [ADLs] and instrumental activities of daily living [IADLs]) over a 2-year period using a simplified resilience score.

RESULTS: Resilience protects against increases in ADL and IADL limitations that are often associated with aging. Resilience mitigates a considerable amount of the deleterious consequences related to the onset of chronic illness and subsequent disability.

IMPLICATIONS: Our results support our hypotheses and are consistent with claims that high levels of resilience can protect against the negative impact of disability in later life.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Chronic disease, Disability Evaluation, Disabled Persons, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Resilience, Psychological, Retirement, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnu068}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25063353}, author = {Lydia K Manning and Dawn C Carr and Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {8338, title = {Marital Status as a Moderating Factor in the Process of Disablement}, journal = {Journal of Aging and Health}, volume = {28}, year = {2016}, pages = {139-164}, publisher = {28}, abstract = {Objective: To test current marital status as a moderator on the influence of depressive symptoms and chronic conditions on subsequent functional limitations. Method: Data come from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 1998-2010). Hierarchal linear modeling models tested differences in functional limitations among a sample of 20,215 people. Results: At baseline, married people suffered from fewer subsequent functional limitations than the unmarried. Moreover, limited evidence suggests the influence of depressive symptoms was greater for the married than the unmarried; however, the influence of chronic conditions was consistently attenuated for married people. Accounting for differences in prior health, work, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors did not explain the moderating influence of marital status on the associations between symptoms of depression and chronic conditions with functional limitations. Discussion: This research highlights the need to identify potential modifiers that may help disrupt the process of disablement among both the married and the unmarried alike.}, keywords = {Adult children, Disabilities, Health Conditions and Status, Other}, doi = {10.1177/0898264315589572}, url = {http://jah.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/07/03/0898264315589572.abstract}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {8382, title = {The Mental and Physical Health Consequences of Changes in Private Insurance Before and After Early Retirement}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences}, volume = {71}, year = {2016}, pages = {358-368}, publisher = {71}, abstract = {Objectives. This study evaluated the impact of private insurance coverage on the symptoms of depression, activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in the years leading up to Medicare eligibility focusing on the transition from full-time work to early full retirement.Method. The Health and Retirement Study was used to (a) estimate 2-stage selection equations of (i) the transition to retirement and (ii) current insurance status, and (b) the impact of insurance coverage on health, net of endogeneity associated retirement and insurance coverage.Results. Employment-based insurance coverage was generally associated with better health. Moreover, being without employment-based insurance was particularly problematic during the transition to retirement. Non-group insurance only moderated the association between losing employment-based insurance and IADLs.Discussion. Results indicated that private insurance coverage is an important contextual factor for the health of early retirees. Those who maintain steady coverage tend to fare the best in retirement. This highlights the dynamic nature of changes in health in later life.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Insurance, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbv020}, url = {http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/28/geronb.gbv020.abstract}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {8366, title = {Service-Related Exposures and Physical Health Trajectories Among Aging Veteran Men}, journal = {The Gerontologist}, volume = {56}, year = {2016}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, pages = {92-103}, publisher = {56}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: We examined the association of military service-related exposures (SREs) with physical health trajectories to establish whether combat and other hazards have lasting connections to health in later life. We also examined potential confounders and mechanisms to further understand the associations. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used the 2013 HRS Veterans Mail Survey linked to the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine military service experiences and health over a decade (2000-2010) among veteran men. We employed latent class analysis to disaggregate trajectories of health in later life. RESULTS: Most veteran men experienced good health over the decade. Although we found a connection between combat and later health, it was driven primarily by hazardous or traumatic exposures. Service-related disability, current health behaviors, and mental health were not likely explanations for these associations. IMPLICATIONS: The measurement of service experiences is primary in understanding health implications of military service and projecting the health service needs of aging veterans. SREs are varied and complex and have differential connections to health. These connections remain unexplained by current behaviors and mental health, suggesting the need to examine earlier life course pathways and mechanisms.}, keywords = {Demographics, Healthcare}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnv662}, author = {Miles G Taylor and Urena, Stephanie and Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {8006, title = {Cumulative inequality and racial disparities in health: private insurance coverage and black/white differences in functional limitations.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Sep}, pages = {798-808}, publisher = {69}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To test different forms of private insurance coverage as mediators for racial disparities in onset, persistent level, and acceleration of functional limitations among Medicare age-eligible Americans.

METHOD: Data come from 7 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1996-2008). Onset and progression latent growth models were used to estimate racial differences in onset, level, and growth of functional limitations among a sample of 5,755 people aged 65 and older in 1996. Employer-provided insurance, spousal insurance, and market insurance were next added to the model to test how differences in private insurance mediated the racial gap in physical limitations.

RESULTS: In baseline models, African Americans had larger persistent level of limitations over time. Although employer-provided, spousal provided, and market insurances were directly associated with lower persistent levels of limitation, only differences in market insurance accounted for the racial disparities in persistent level of limitations.

DISCUSSION: Results suggest private insurance is important for reducing functional limitations, but market insurance is an important mediator of the persistently larger level of limitations observed among African Americans.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status Disparities, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Insurance Coverage, Insurance, Health, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Medicare, Socioeconomic factors, United States}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbu005}, url = {http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/02/24/geronb.gbu005.abstract}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and Miles G Taylor} } @article {7762, title = {The influence of unpaid work on the transition out of full-time paid work.}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {53}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Feb}, pages = {92-101}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: Continued employment after retirement and engagement in unpaid work are both important ways of diminishing the negative economic effects of the retirement of baby boomer cohorts on society. Little research, however, examines the relationship between paid and unpaid work at the transition from full-time work. Using a resource perspective framework this study examines how engagement in unpaid work prior to and at the transition from full-time work influences whether individuals partially or fully retire.

DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used a sample of 2,236 Americans between the ages 50 and 68, who were interviewed between 1998 and 2008. Logistic regression was used to estimate transitioning into partial retirement (relative to full retirement) after leaving full-time work.

RESULTS: We found that the odds of transitioning into part-time work were increased by continuous volunteering (78\%) and reduced by starting parental (84\%), grandchild (41\%), and spousal (90\%) caregiving and unaffected by all other patterns of engagement in unpaid work.

IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that volunteering is complementary with a transition to part-time work, and starting a new caregiving role at this transitioncreates a barrier to continued employment. In order to provide workers the opportunity to engage in the work force longer at the brink of retirement, it may be necessary to increase the support mechanisms for those who experience new caregiving responsibilities.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Employment, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Volunteers, Work}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gns080}, author = {Dawn C Carr and Ben Lennox Kail} } @article {7808, title = {Leaving Retirement: Age-Graded Relative Risks of Transitioning Back to Work or Dying}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {32}, year = {2013}, note = {Copyright - Springer Science Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Document feature - References; Tables Last updated - 2013-03-19 DOI - 2918962981; 76329142; 53495; PPRP; SPVLPPRP111133229256 SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - United States--US Brown, T., and Warner, D. (2008). Divergent pathways? Racial/ethnic differences in older women{\textquoteright}s labor force withdrawal. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63 (3), S122 S134. Brown, T., and Warner, D. (2008). Divergent pathways? 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Historical background and development of social security. Szinovacz, Maximiliane E; DeViney, Stanley. The retiree identity: gender and race differences. Journals of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences H.W. Wilson - SSA , 54B. 4 (1999): S207-S218 U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003 (2003): U.S. Census Bureau (Washington, DC) Warner, David F.; Hayward, Mark D.; Hardy, Melissa A. The Retirement Life Course in America at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW, 29. 6 (2010): 893-919. SPRINGER Warner, D. and Hofmeister, H. (2006). Late career transitions among men and women in the United States. In H.-P. Blossfeld, S. Buchholz, and D. Hof cker (Eds.), italic Globalization, uncertainty and late careers in society /italic (pp. 141181). London: Routledge. Warner, D. and Hofmeister, H. (2006). Late career transitions among men and women in the United States. In H.-P. Blossfeld, S. Buchholz, and D. Hof cker (Eds.), Globalization, uncertainty and late careers in society (pp. 141 181). London: Routledge. Wise, David A. FACILITATING LONGER WORKING LIVES: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE ON WHY AND HOW. DEMOGRAPHY, 47. (2010): S131-S149. POPULATION ASSOC AMER Wise, D. A. (2004). Social security provisions and the labor force participation of older workers. Population and Development Review, 30, Supplement (Aging, Health, and Public Policy), 176 205. Wise, D. A. (2004). Social security provisions and the labor force participation of older workers. italic Population and Development Review, 30, Supplement /italic (Aging, Health, and Public Policy), 176205.}, pages = {159-182}, publisher = {32}, abstract = {Demographic research has documented the age-graded risk of returning to work after a period of retirement; few studies, however, have disaggregated this risk into the different forms work takes in later life. Moreover, prior research has not explored the age-graded risk of re-retiring after reentry. This study uses the 1992-2008 Health and Retirement Study to first examine the age-graded and duration dependent risks of transitioning to full-time work, part-time work, and mortality from full retirement. Second, this study documents the age-graded duration of reemployment, and the age-graded risk of re-retiring. Results from multi-decrement life tables indicate reemployment both occurs more frequently and lasts longer than previously estimated. The gender differences in risk of reemployment are modest, although women are at greater risk of returning to part-time work, whereas men are at greater risk of returning to full-time work. Additionally, retirees from services-producing industries are at lower risk of transitioning to work, but greater risks of mortality, suggesting retirement is a less permanent feature in the life course of retirees from goods-producing industries. Finally, the results suggest Social Security benefit eligibility plays a part in reducing reentry at later ages.}, keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Health Conditions and Status, Methodology, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Risk Taking}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-012-9256-3}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1317152105?accountid=14667}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail and David F Warner} } @article {7823, title = {Reciprocity Between Depressive Symptoms and Physical Limitations Pre- and Postretirement: Exploring Racial Differences}, journal = {Journal of Aging and Health}, volume = {25}, year = {2013}, note = {Copyright - Copyright SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. Jun 2013 Last updated - 2013-06-18}, pages = {555}, publisher = {25}, abstract = {This study assesses (a) the reciprocity between mental and physical health pre- and postretirement, and (b) the extent to which these associations vary by race. Data are from the 1994 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Analyses based on structural equation modeling reveal that depression and physical health exert reciprocal effects for Whites pre- and postretirement. For Blacks preretirement, physical limitations predict changes in depression but there is no evidence of the reverse association. Further, the association between physical limitations and changes in depressive symptoms among Blacks is no longer significant after retirement. The transition into retirement alleviates the translation of physical limitations into depressive symptoms for Blacks only. The findings underscore the relevance of retirement for reciprocity between mental and physical health and suggest that the health implications associated with this life course transition vary by race.}, keywords = {Demographics, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1368997953?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/ProQ 3Apqrlandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandr}, author = {Gayman, Mathew D. and Pai, Manacy and Ben Lennox Kail and Miles G Taylor} } @article {7689, title = {Coverage or costs: the role of health insurance in labor market reentry among early retirees.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {67}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jan}, pages = {113-20}, publisher = {67B}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of insurance coverage on the odds of returning to work after early retirement and the change in insurance coverage after returning to work.

METHOD: The Health and Retirement Study was used to estimate hierarchical linear models of transitions to full-time work and part-time work relative to remaining retired. A chi-square test was also used to assess change in insurance coverage after returning to work.

RESULTS: Insurance coverage was unrelated to the odds of transitioning to full-time work. However, relative to employer-provided insurance, private nongroup insurance increased the odds of transitioning to part-time work, whereas public insurance reduced the odds of making this transition. Additionally, after returning to work, insurance coverage increased among those who were without employer-provided insurance in retirement.

DISCUSSION: Results indicated that source of coverage may be more useful in explaining returns to part-time work than simply whether people have coverage at all. In other words, the mechanism underlying the positive relationship between insurance and returning to work appeared to be limited to those who return to work because of the cost of private nongroup insurance. Among these people, however, there was some evidence that they are able to secure new coverage once they return to work.

}, keywords = {Employment, Female, Health Benefit Plans, Employee, Health Surveys, Humans, Insurance Coverage, Insurance, Health, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, United States}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbr130}, url = {http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdweb?did=2579962341andFmt=7andclientId=17822andRQT=309andVName=PQD}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail} } @mastersthesis {6368, title = {Considering the impact of U.S. social policy retirement benefits on later life labor force participation}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2010}, note = {ISBN 9781124709239}, pages = {156}, school = {The Florida State University}, type = {Dissertation}, abstract = {As a life stage, retirement emerged out of the industrial revolution and the passage of the Social Security Act of 1935. Since the 1960s, however, several macrostructural changes have resulted in a much more varied landscape of later life labor force behavior. The research presented here extends the work of previous scholars on non-traditional paths to full labor force exit. Using data from the first eight waves of the Health and Retirement Study, the current research focuses on the role of retirement benefits from welfare policy and tax subsidized private retirement plans on transitions between labor force statuses in later life, using multinomial logistic regression in an Hierarchical Linear Modeling framework. Drawing on the hidden welfare state- and life course - perspectives yields several important findings. First, this study finds that welfare benefits allow individuals to reduce their work participation and fully exit the labor force, as well as to reduce the risk that they subsequently reverse their retirement. Because these benefits are nearly universal, they help decouple virtually all age eligible participants from work. Second, private benefits also help individuals to reduce their work, exit the labor force, and remain retired. However, because these benefits are limited to a select population they convey additional advantages to those beneficiaries. Third, the aforementioned macrostructural changes occur at different points within individuals{\textquoteright} life courses and the results presented here suggest that this produces different patterns of labor force transitions across birth cohorts. Finally, using piecewise linear growth models, this study finds that, in addition to the actual welfare benefits individuals receive, becoming age eligible for public benefits also impacts later life labor force transitions. However, this influence is most noticeable among those who transition out of full time work, suggesting that public benefits are designed around a now parachronistic model of the life course.}, keywords = {Demographics, Employment and Labor Force, Event History/Life Cycle, Methodology, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, author = {Ben Lennox Kail} }