@mastersthesis {13473, title = {Family Care and Household Production: Implications for Adult Children by Gender, Race and Ethnicity}, year = {2023}, pages = {134}, type = {phd}, abstract = {My dissertation consists of three chapters on unpaid care work and its implications for adult children by gender, race and ethnicity. The first chapter studies the effect of family care on adult children{\textquoteright}s employment and earnings, and its implications for the gender gap in labor market outcomes among adult children. I first provide empirical evidence that caring for an elderly parent results from decision-making within a family rather than at the individual level. Regarding the gender gap in family care, I document that daughters with less attachment to the labor market and lower earnings provide the brunt of family care. The gender gap in family care is most salient in sibling groups with mixed gender composition. Motivated by the empirical evidence, I employ the simulated method of moments to structurally estimate a model of strategic interactions between a daughter and a son sibling pair in mixed-gender sibling groups. Adult children face different opportunity costs in terms of wages and have heterogeneous preferences or perceived care responsibility for family care to a parent with long-term care (LTC) needs. I find that the heterogeneity in preferences for public good explains the gender gap in family care among adult children more substantially than the heterogeneity in opportunity costs. Using life cycle profiles of parents{\textquoteright} LTC needs and adult children{\textquoteright}s wages, I simulate the long-run trajectories of employment and family care of adult children. In a counterfactual scenario, I quantify that daughters face a 4.6 percent drop in lifetime earnings due to family caregiving compared to a 1.5 percent drop for sons.The second chapter investigates the effect of family care on adult children{\textquoteright}s employment by race and ethnicity. Due to lower access to quality formal care and differences in norms and traditions, minority populations rely more heavily on family care than non-minority populations do. Despite the growing diversity in the demography of the older population and their family caregivers, we know little about the racial and ethnic differences in family care patterns over time and their impact on the economic outcomes of caregivers. My study intends to fill this gap. Using the pooled 1998-2019 Health and Retirement Study, I first provide a descriptive analysis documenting the disability and family care trajectories of elderly individuals aged 50 and over across racial and ethnic groups. I then employ a recursive bivariate probit model to examine how family care affects adult children{\textquoteright}s employment by race and ethnicity. I find that non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic elderly individuals have higher levels of LTC needs and rely more on family care provision over their lifespans, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Family care lowers adult children{\textquoteright}s employment by 5 to 9 percentage points depending on care type in the overall sample. The effect is 3.3 to 8.4 percentage points for non-Hispanic Whites and 11 to 13 percentage points for non-Hispanic Blacks. The effect of family care on employment is more pronounced for adult children aged less than 40 and those with non-married parents.The third chapter examines whether the gendered division of household labor persists intergenerationally from parents to children. Suppose an adult child grows up in a household with the mother as the sole provider of housework or the father who shares housework equally with the mother. Do children show a similar division of household labor in their marriages in adulthood? To investigate this question, I draw on social psychology literature on childhood socialization and the development of gender role perceptions by focusing on the {\textquoteright}modeling effect{\textquoteright} of parents during childhood. Using the questionnaire asking two generations of married couples their time spent on housework in the 1969-2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I link the adult children split off from the original cohort of families and examine the intergenerational persistence in the gendered division of household labor. I first use an event-study approach to explore the gender gap in housework hours between adult children and their spouses in response to the arrival of a first child. I then employ a multinomial logit model to show the relationship between childhood socialization and the division of household labor. Having a mother as the sole provider of housework across any childhood period strongly predicts a less egalitarian division of household labor for adult children and their spouses. Being exposed to working mothers or fathers who were more involved in housework does not significantly predict adult daughters{\textquoteright} division of household labor. However, both indicators imply a more egalitarian division of household labor for adult sons and their spouses.}, keywords = {0493:Aging, 0501:Economics, 0510:Labor economics, 0769:Health care management, Adult children, Adult children{\textquoteright}s employment, Aging, Economics, Family care, gender gap, Health care management, household production, Labor economics, labor market, Long-term Care}, isbn = {9798380110532}, url = {https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/family-care-household-production-implications/docview/2850988866/se-2}, author = {Byambasuren,Binderiya} } @article {RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2023-003, title = {The role of labor market inequalities in explaining the gender gap in depression risk among older US adults}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Background: We aim to investigate to what extent gender inequality at the labor market explains higher depression risk for older US women compared to men. Methods: We analyze data from 35,699 US adults aged 50-80 years that participated in the Health and Retirement Study. We calculate the gender gap as the difference in the prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms (>= 3, 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) between women and men. We employ a dynamic causal decomposition and simulate the life course of a synthetic cohort from ages 50-80 with the longitudinal g-formula. We introduce four nested interventions by assigning women the same probabilities of A) being in an employment category, B) occupation class, C) current income, and D) prior income group as men, conditional on women{\textquoteright}s health and family status until age 70. Findings: The gender gap in depression risk is 2.9\%-points at ages 50-51 which increases to 7.6\%-points at ages 70-71. Intervention A decreases the gender gap over ages 50-71 by 1.2\%-points (95\%CI for change: -2.81 to 0.4), intervention D by 1.64\%-points (95\%CI for change: -3.28 to -0.15) or 32\% (95\%CI: 1.39 to 62.83), and the effects of interventions B and C are in between those of A and D. The impact is particularly large for Hispanics and low educated groups. Interpretation: Gender inequalities at the labor market substantially explain the gender gap in depression risk in older US adults. Reducing these inequalities has the potential to narrow the gender gap in depression.}, keywords = {gender, Inequality, labor market, Mental Health, USA}, doi = {10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-003}, author = {Maria Gueltzow and Maarten J. Bijlsma and Frank J. van Lenthe and Mikko Myrskyl{\"a}} } @article {11877, title = {Association of perceived job security and chronic health conditions with retirement in older UK and US workers.}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {32}, year = {2022}, pages = {52-58}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The relationship between job insecurity, chronic health conditions (CHCs) and retirement among older workers are likely to differ between countries that have different labor markets and health and social safety nets. To date, there are no epidemiological studies that have prospectively assessed the role of job insecurity in retirement incidence, while accounting for CHC trajectories in two countries with different welfare systems. We investigated the strength of the association between baseline job insecurity and retirement incidence over an 11-year period while accounting for CHC trajectories, among workers 50-55 years of age at baseline in the UK and USA.

METHODS: We performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, using 2006-2016 data from the Health and Retirement Study (US cohort, n = 570) and English Longitudinal Study on Aging (UK cohort n = 1052).

RESULTS: Job insecurity was associated with retirement after adjusting for CHC trajectories (HR = 0.69, 95\% CI = 0.50-0.95) in the UK cohort only. CHC trajectories were associated with retirement in both cohorts; however, this association was attenuated in the US cohort, but remained significant for the medium-increasing trajectory in the UK cohort (HR = 1.41, 95\% CI = 1.01-1.97) after adjustment for all covariates. Full adjustment for relevant covariates attenuated the association between job insecurity and retirement indicating that CHCs, social and health factors are contributing mechanistic factors underpinning retirement incidence.

CONCLUSIONS: The observed differences in the two cohorts may be driven by macro-level factors operating latently, which may affect the work environment, health outcomes and retirement decisions uniquely in different settings.

}, keywords = {attenuation, Chronic disease, community health centers, ELSA, epidemiologic studies, health outcomes, insecurity, labor market, Safety, Sister studies, Social Welfare, Survival Analysis, Workplace}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckab170}, author = {Mutambudzi, Miriam and Flowers, Paul and Demou, Evangelia} } @article {10412, title = {Adverse Life Events and Intergenerational Transfers}, number = {19-313}, year = {2019}, institution = {W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research}, abstract = {While there has been broad interest in the direct effects of major life events on older households that experience them, little attention has been paid to the intergenerational transmission of those effects{\textemdash} how negative shocks in parents{\textquoteright} households affect the outcomes of their adult children{\textemdash}or to the role that grown children play in helping their parents recover from adverse events. We use regression and event study approaches to examine within-family changes in monetary transfers and informal care following wealth loss, involuntary job displacement, spousal death, and health shocks in retirement-aged households. We find that giving to adult children is responsive to changes in parents{\textquoteright} wealth and earned income. We document large reductions in the likelihood of making financial transfers to children following wealth loss and job displacement, particularly in households with low accumulated wealth. We also find that parents increase their transfers following spousal death and reduce them with the onset of disability or poor health. We find that upstream transfers are also responsive to life events{\textemdash} children, particularly those with low-wealth parents, increase their financial transfers and in-kind assistance following adverse shocks in their parents{\textquoteright} households.}, keywords = {Dislocated workers, Job security, labor market, unemployment dynamics}, doi = {10.17848/wp19-313}, url = {https://research.upjohn.org/up_workingpapers/313/}, author = {Schaller, Jessamyn and Eck, Chase} } @article {5362, title = {Pensions and Productivity}, year = {1998}, institution = {Kalamazoo MI, W.E. Upjohn Institute}, keywords = {Health Insurance, labor market, Pensions, Retirement, wages}, doi = {10.17848/9780585277417}, author = {Dorsey, Stuart and Cornwell, Christopher and David A. Macpherson} }