TY - JOUR T1 - Adult children's education and trajectories of episodic memory among older parents in the United States of America JF - Ageing and Society Y1 - 2023 A1 - Pai, Manacy A1 - Lu, Wentian A1 - Xue, Baowen KW - Adult children KW - Cognition KW - Education KW - Marital Status KW - socioeconomic status AB - The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between adult children's education and older parents’ cognitive health, and the extent to which this relationship is moderated by parents’ own socio-economic and marital statuses. Data using Waves 5 (2000) to 13 (2016) are drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative panel survey of individuals age 50 and above in the United States of America (USA). Older parents’ cognitive functioning is measured using episodic memory from Waves 5–13. Adult children's education is measured using years of schooling, on average, for all adult children of a respondent. Analyses based on multilevel linear growth curve modelling reveal that parents with well-educated adult children report higher memory score over time compared to their counterparts whose children are not as well-educated. We also find that the positive effect of children's education on parents’ cognitive health is moderated by parents’ own education, though not by their income, occupation or marital status. Our work contributes to the growing body of research on the ‘upward’ flow of resources model that assesses the ways in which personal and social assets of the younger generation shape the health and wellbeing of the older generation. Our findings are particularly relevant to the USA given the enduring linkage between socio-economic status and health, and the limited social and economic protection for those of lower social status. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The association between subjective cognitive decline and trajectories of objective cognitive decline: Do social relationships matter? JF - Arch Gerontol Geriatr Y1 - 2023 A1 - Pai, Manacy A1 - Lu, Wentian A1 - Chen, Miaoqi A1 - Xue, Baowen KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive Dysfunction KW - Humans KW - Interpersonal Relations KW - Memory, Episodic KW - Neuropsychological tests AB -

OBJECTIVES: We examine the association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and the trajectories of objective cognitive decline (OCD); and the extent to which this association is moderated by social relationships.

METHODS: Data come from waves 10 (2010) through 14 (2018) of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of individuals aged 50 and above in the United States. OCD is measured using episodic memory, and overall cognition. SCD is assessed using a baseline measure of self-rated memory. Social relationships are measured by social network size and perceived positive and negative social support. Growth curve models estimate the longitudinal link between SCD and subsequent OCD trajectories and the interactions between SCD and social relationship variables on OCD.

RESULTS: SCD is associated with subsequent OCD. A wider social network and lower perceived negative support are linked to slower decline in memory, and overall cognition. None of the social relationship variables, however, moderate the link between SCD and future OCD.

CONCLUSION: Knowing that SCD is linked to subsequent OCD is useful because at SCD stage, deficits are more manageable relative to those at subsequent stages of OCD. Future work on SCD and OCD should consider additional dimensions of social relationships.

VL - 111 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment over 20 years: Evidence from the health and retirement study in the United States. JF - J Affect Disord Y1 - 2023 A1 - Guo, Yunyun A1 - Pai, Manacy A1 - Xue, Baowen A1 - Lu, Wentian AB -

BACKGROUND: Research examining the association between depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to examine the bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and MCI, and the extent to which this bidirectional association is moderated by gender and education.

METHODS: Data come from the US Health and Retirement Study over a 20-year period (older adults aged ≥50 years). Competing-risks regression is employed to examine the association between baseline high-risk depressive symptoms and subsequent MCI (N = 9317), and baseline MCI and subsequent high-risk depressive symptoms (N = 9428). Interactions of baseline exposures with gender and education are tested.

RESULTS: After full adjustment, baseline high-risk depressive symptoms were significantly associated with subsequent MCI (SHR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.08-1.34). Participants with baseline MCI are more likely to develop subsequent high-risk depressive symptoms than those without baseline MCI (SHR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.01-1.33). Although gender and education are risk factors for subsequent depression and MCI, neither moderates the bidirectional association.

LIMITATIONS: Items used to construct the composite cognitive measure are limited; selection bias due to missing data; and residual confounding.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and MCI. High-risk depressive symptoms are related to a higher risk of subsequent MCI; and MCI predicts subsequent high-risk depression. Though neither gender nor education moderated the bidirectional association, public health interventions crafted to reduce the risk of depression and MCI should pivot attention to older women and those with less formal education.

ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Do depressive symptoms link chronic diseases to cognition among older adults? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. JF - Journal of Affective Disorders Y1 - 2021 A1 - Lu, Wentian A1 - Pai, Manacy A1 - Shaun Scholes A1 - Xue, Baowen KW - Chronic condition KW - cognitive aging KW - depression KW - Psychological condition AB -

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed psychological pathways that connect the association between non-psychotropic chronic disease and cognition. We assessed the extent to which the association between the two was mediated by depressive symptoms in older adults.

METHODS: Data came from waves 10-13 (2010-2016) of the Health and Retirement Study in the United States (7,651 men and 10,248 women). Multilevel path analysis, allowing for random intercepts and slopes, was employed to estimate the extent to which depressive symptoms mediated the total effect of a chronic disease on cognition.

RESULTS: We found that the presence of stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart problems, and comorbidity, in both men and women, and lung disease in women, was associated with lower levels of cognition. The total effects of chronic diseases on cognition were partially mediated through depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms mediated approximately 19%-39% and 23%-54% of the total effects of chronic diseases on cognition in men and women, respectively.

LIMITATIONS: We relied on self-reported diagnoses of diseases and depressive symptoms. Our use of a multilevel path analysis with random slopes precluded the inclusion of binary/categorical dependent variables, and the estimation of standardized beta values.

CONCLUSIONS: To understand the cognitive challenges that chronically ill older adults face, practitioners and policymakers should consider not just the direct symptoms related to chronic diseases, but also the often overlooked psychological conditions faced by older adults.

VL - 294 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Subjective memory problems and availability of emotional support JF - Research on Aging Y1 - 2018 A1 - Jung-Hwa Ha A1 - Pai, Manacy KW - Cognition & Reasoning KW - Depressive symptoms KW - Memory KW - Social Support AB - This study examines (1) whether subjective memory problems (SMP) influence perceived emotional support from and frequency of contact with family and friends; and, (2) the extent to which this relationship is moderated by gender, education, and functional limitations. We use the 2014 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of adults aged 51 and over in the United States. While SMP does not affect perceived emotional support for younger group (YG; aged 51-64), in older group (OG; aged 65+), SMP is associated with reduced perceived support from friends. Also, SMP is predictive of fewer writing-based contact with children and friends among OG but not among YG. Lastly, we find that the effect of SMP on support from children is contingent upon activity of daily living (YG) and gender (OG), while the effect of SMP on writing-based contact with both children and friends is contingent upon education (YG only). VL - 40 IS - 10 JO - Res Aging ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Reciprocity Between Depressive Symptoms and Physical Limitations Pre- and Postretirement: Exploring Racial Differences JF - Journal of Aging and Health Y1 - 2013 A1 - Gayman, Mathew D. A1 - Pai, Manacy A1 - Ben Lennox Kail A1 - Miles G Taylor KW - Demographics KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Healthcare KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - This study assesses (a) the reciprocity between mental and physical health pre- and postretirement, and (b) the extent to which these associations vary by race. Data are from the 1994 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Analyses based on structural equation modeling reveal that depression and physical health exert reciprocal effects for Whites pre- and postretirement. For Blacks preretirement, physical limitations predict changes in depression but there is no evidence of the reverse association. Further, the association between physical limitations and changes in depressive symptoms among Blacks is no longer significant after retirement. The transition into retirement alleviates the translation of physical limitations into depressive symptoms for Blacks only. The findings underscore the relevance of retirement for reciprocity between mental and physical health and suggest that the health implications associated with this life course transition vary by race. PB - 25 VL - 25 UR - http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1368997953?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/ProQ 3Apqrlandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articleandr IS - 4 N1 - Copyright - Copyright SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. Jun 2013 Last updated - 2013-06-18 U4 - Gerontology And Geriatrics/Retirement/Racial differences/Mental depression/Personal health ER -