TY - JOUR T1 - Determinants of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Workers' Intent to Work Past Age 65: An Analysis From the Life Course Perspective. JF - Int J Aging Hum Dev Y1 - 2023 A1 - Diaz-Valdes, Antonia A1 - Matz-Costa, Christina A1 - Rutledge, Mathew S A1 - Calvo, Esteban KW - Hispanics retirement intentions; decomposition analysis; delayed retirement; life course theory; retirement timing AB -

The average retirement age in the United States (U.S.) has increased over the past few decades. However, the rate of increase for Hispanics is lower than that for non-Hispanics. For Hispanics, the decision to retire later may be more influenced by their migration history and context rather than health or finances. This study aims to explore the differences in the determinants of intentions to delay retirement (i.e., work beyond the age of 65) between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites in the U.S. A pooled sample was generated from all waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014), including a unique record for each non-institutionalized individual aged 55-61 who was employed. All eligible Hispanics ( = 3,663) were included, while a random sample of non-Hispanic Whites ( = 3,663) was selected. Logistic mixed models were conducted for each group, and a Two-fold Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis was used to explore differences between the groups. The results indicate that non-Hispanic Whites are more likely to plan to postpone retirement. Furthermore, significant differences were found between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites regarding their intentions to delay retirement, specifically related to socioeconomic indicators such as individual earnings, amount of debt, level of education, and parents' level of education. The differences between the groups were primarily influenced by the amount of debt, having a defined benefit plan, and parents' level of education, reflecting the cumulative disadvantage experienced by Hispanics over their life course. Most existing research on the topic has focused on middle-class Whites, while few studies have examined race or ethnicity as the primary focus or explored the extent to which commonly identified predictors of delayed retirement apply to different ethno-racial groups. This is significant because Hispanics and other disadvantaged groups tend to experience financial insecurity during retirement, which directly impacts their health and well-being.

ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A New Path to Address Multimorbidity? Longitudinal Analyses of Retirement Sequences and Chronic Diseases in Old Age. JF - Journal of Applied Gerontology Y1 - 2022 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Azar, Ariel A1 - Shura, Robin A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger KW - career KW - labor force KW - noncommunicable disease KW - trajectory KW - Work AB -

Chronic disease and multimorbidity are growing health challenges for aging populations, often coinciding with retirement. We examine late-life predictors of multimorbidity, focusing on the association between retirement sequences and number of chronic diseases. We modeled the number of chronic diseases as a function of six types of previously identified 10-year retirement sequences using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data for 7,880 Americans observed between ages 60 to 61 and 70 to 71. Our results show that at baseline, the adjusted prevalence of multimorbidity was lowest in sequences characterized by late retirement from full-time work and highest in sequences characterized by early labor-force disengagement. Age increases in multimorbidity varied across retirement sequences, though overall differences in prevalence persisted at age 70 to 71. Earlier life disadvantages did not moderate these associations. Findings suggest further investigation of policies that target health limitations affecting work, promote continued beneficial employment opportunities, and ultimately leverage retirement sequences as a novel path to influence multimorbidity in old age.

VL - 41 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cross-country differences in age trends in alcohol consumption among older adults: a cross-sectional study of individuals aged 50 years and older in 22 countries. JF - Addiction Y1 - 2021 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Allel, Kasim A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger A1 - Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro A1 - Medina, José T A1 - Katherine M Keyes KW - alcohol KW - cross-cultural KW - development KW - drink KW - global KW - Mixed model KW - multi-level AB -

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Age-related changes in physiological, metabolic and medication profiles make alcohol consumption likely to be more harmful among older than younger adults. This study aimed to estimate cross-national variation in the quantity and patterns of drinking throughout older age, and to investigate country-level variables explaining cross-national variation in consumption for individuals aged 50 years and older.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study using previously harmonized survey data.

SETTING: Twenty-two countries surveyed in 2010 or the closest available year.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 106 180 adults aged 50 years and over.

MEASUREMENTS: Cross-national variation in age trends were estimated for two outcomes: weekly number of standard drink units (SDUs) and patterns of alcohol consumption (never, ever, occasional, moderate and heavy drinking). Human Development Index and average prices of vodka were used as country-level variables moderating age-related declines in drinking.

FINDINGS: Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with age (risk ratio = 0.98; 95% confidence interval = 0.97, 0.99; P-value < 0.001), but there was substantial cross-country variation in the age-related differences in alcohol consumption [likelihood ratio (LR) test P-value < 0.001], even after adjusting for the composition of populations. Countries' development level and alcohol prices explained 31% of cross-country variability in SDUs (LR test P-value < 0.001) but did not explain cross-country variability in the prevalence of heavy drinkers.

CONCLUSIONS: Use and harmful use of alcohol among older adults appears to vary widely across age and countries. This variation can be partly explained both by the country-specific composition of populations and country-level contextual factors such as development level and alcohol prices.

VL - 116 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Alcohol consumption in later life and mortality in the United States: Results from 9 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. JF - Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research Y1 - 2019 A1 - Katherine M Keyes A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Katherine A Ornstein A1 - Rutherford, Caroline A1 - Matthew P Fox A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger A1 - Linda P Fried KW - Alcohol Consumption KW - Mortality KW - NDI AB -

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption in later life has increased in the past decade, and the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality is controversial. Recent studies suggest little, if any, health benefit to alcohol. Yet most rely on single-time point consumption assessments and minimal confounder adjustments.

METHODS: We report on 16 years of follow-up from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) cohorts born 1931 to 1941 (N = 7,904, baseline mean age = 61, SD = 3.18). Respondents were queried about drinking frequency/quantity. Mortality was established via exit interviews and confirmed with the national death index. Time-varying confounders included but were not limited to household assets, smoking, body mass index, health/functioning, depression, chronic disease; time-invariant confounders included baseline age, education, sex, and race.

RESULTS: After adjustment, current abstainers had the highest risk of subsequent mortality, consistent with sick quitters, and moderate (men: HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.91; women: HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.63 to 1.07) drinking was associated with a lower mortality rate compared with occasional drinking, though smokers and men evidenced less of an inverse association. Quantitative bias analyses indicated that omitted confounders would need to be associated with ~4-fold increases in mortality rates for men and ~9-fold increases for women to change the results.

CONCLUSIONS: There are consistent associations between moderate/occasional drinking and lower mortality, though residual confounding remains a threat to validity. Continued efforts to conduct large-scale observational studies of alcohol consumption and mortality are needed to characterize the changing patterns of consumption in older age.

U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31276233?dopt=Abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From Snapshots to Movies: The Association Between Retirement Sequences and Aging Trajectories in Limitations to Perform Activities of Daily Living. JF - Journal of Aging and Health Y1 - 2019 A1 - Azar, Ariel A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger A1 - Slachevsky, Andrea A1 - Madero-Cabib, Ignacio A1 - Calvo, Esteban KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Disabilities KW - Policy KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB -

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the dynamic association between retirement sequences and activities of daily living (ADLs) trajectories between ages 60 and 70.

METHOD: Retirement sequences previously established for 7,880 older Americans from the Health and Retirement Study were used in hierarchical linear and propensity score full matching models, analyzing their association with ADL trajectories.

RESULTS: Sequences of partial retirement from full- or part-time jobs showed higher baseline and slower decline in ADL than sequences characterized by early labor force disengagement.

DISCUSSION: The conventional model in which people completely retire from a full-time job at normative ages and the widely promoted new conventional model of late retirement are both associated with better functioning than early labor force disengagement. But unconventional models, where older adults keep partially engaged with the labor force are also significantly associated with better functioning. These findings call attention to more research on potential avenues to simultaneously promote productive engagement and health later in life.

VL - 31 IS - 2 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29952242?dopt=Abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stress and salivary telomere length in the second half of life: A comparison of life-course models JF - Advances in Life Course Research Y1 - 2019 A1 - Willis, Margaret A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger A1 - Factor-Litvak, Pam A1 - Calvo, Esteban KW - Biomarkers KW - Depressive symptoms KW - Telomeres VL - 39 JO - Advances in Life Course Research ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Retirement sequences of older Americans: Moderately destandardized and highly stratified across gender, class, and race. JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2018 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Madero-Cabib, Ignacio A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger KW - Gender Differences KW - Racial/ethnic differences KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction KW - Women and Minorities AB -

Purpose of the Study: A destandardization of labor-force patterns revolving around retirement has been observed in recent literature. It is unclear, however, to which degree and of which kind. This study looked at sequences rather than individual statuses or transitions and argued that differentiating older Americans' retirement sequences by type, order, and timing and considering gender, class, and race differences yields a less destandardized picture.

Design and Methods: Sequence analysis was employed to analyze panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for 7,881 individuals observed 6 consecutive times between ages 60-61 and 70-71.

Results: As expected, types of retirement sequences were identified that cannot be subsumed under the conventional model of complete retirement from full-time employment around age 65. However, these retirement sequences were not entirely destandardized, as some irreversibility and age-grading persisted. Further, the degree of destandardization varied along gender, class, and race. Unconventional sequences were archetypal for middle-level educated individuals and Blacks. Also, sequences for women and individuals with lower education showed more unemployment and part-time jobs, and less age-grading.

Implications: A sequence-analytic approach that models group differences uncovers misjudgments about the degree of destandardization of retirement sequences. When a continuous process is represented as individual transitions, the overall pattern of retirement sequences gets lost and appears destandardized. These patterns get further complicated by differences in social structures by gender, class, and race in ways that seem to reproduce advantages that men, more highly educated individuals, and Whites enjoy in numerous areas over the life course.

VL - 58 IS - 6 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586409?dopt=Abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Global View on the Effects of Work on Health in Later Life. JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2016 A1 - Ursula M. Staudinger A1 - Finkelstein, Ruth A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Sivaramakrishnan, Kavita KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Employment KW - Humans KW - Public Policy KW - Retirement KW - Socioeconomic factors AB -

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Work is an important environment shaping the aging processes during the adult years. Therefore, the cumulative and acute effects of work characteristics on late-life health deserve great attention. Given that population aging has become a global trend with ensuing changes in labor markets around the world, increased attention is paid to investigating the effects of the timing of retirement around the world and the macroeconomic benefits often associated with delaying retirement. It will be essential for societies with aging populations to maintain productivity given an aging workforce and for individuals it will be crucial to add healthy and meaningful years rather than just years to their lives.

DESIGN AND METHODS: We first describe the available evidence about participation of older workers (65+) in the labor force in high, middle, and low-income countries. Second, we discuss the individual-level and societal influences that might govern labor-force participation of older adults. Thirdly, we review evidence on the association between work on the one and physical, mental, and cognitive health in later life on the other.

RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS: Globally, both is true: work supports healthy aging and jeopordizes it. We draw implications for policymaking in terms of social protection, HR policies, and older employee employability.

VL - 56 Suppl 2 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994267 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26994267?dopt=Abstract U4 - Work Late-life work Retirement Aging Labor markets ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Causal effects of retirement timing on subjective physical and emotional health JF - The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences Y1 - 2013 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Sarkisian, Natalia A1 - Tamborini, Christopher R. KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - This article explores the effects of the timing of retirement on subjective physical and emotional health. Using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we test 4 theory-based hypotheses about these effects-that retirements maximize health when they happen earlier, later, anytime, or on time. We employ fixed and random effects regression models with instrumental variables to estimate the short- and long-term causal effects of retirement timing on self-reported health and depressive symptoms. Early retirements--those occurring prior to traditional and legal retirement age--dampen health. Workers who begin their retirement transition before cultural and institutional timetables experience the worst health outcomes; this finding offers partial support to the psychosocial-materialist approach that emphasizes the benefits of retiring later. Continued employment after traditionally expected retirement age, however, offers no health benefits. In combination, these findings offer some support for the cultural-institutional approach but suggest that we need to modify our understanding of how cultural-institutional forces operate. Retiring too early can be problematic but no disadvantages are associated with late retirements. Raising the retirement age, therefore, could potentially reduce subjective health of retirees by expanding the group of those whose retirements would be considered early. PB - 68 VL - 68 IS - 1 U4 - Mental health/Early retirement/retirement planning/physical health/emotional health/health Status ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Determinants and Consequences of Moving Decisions for Older Homeowners Y1 - 2009 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Haverstick, Kelly A1 - Natalia A. Zhivan KW - Demographics KW - Housing KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - The lore on whether older Americans move is mixed. While the familiar stereotype is that retirees flock to Florida or Arizona, prior studies have found that their home equity rises modestly over time, suggesting that they tend to stay put. This paper examines moving trends, determinants, and consequences using the original cohort of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We find that a full 30 percent of homeowners in the HRS cohort move over the 1992-2004 period, but most moves occur close to home. Overall, two types of movers emerge from the analysis those who affirmatively plan to move and those who react to changing circumstances. As proxies for these two types, this study uses the presence or absence of a negative shock, such as death of a spouse or entry into a nursing home. Our results show that the factors that help determine a move are similar for both groups, while the consequences of a move vary. Homeowners with shocks are more likely to discontinue homeownership and reduce net equity, supporting the hypothesis that households may view housing wealth as insurance against catastrophic events. Finally, while movers in both groups of homeowners experience improvements in psychological well-being, movers with shocks are impacted most by the shocks themselves. JF - Center for Retirement Research at Boston College Working Papers PB - Center for Retirement Research at Boston College CY - Boston UR - https://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/determinants-and-consequences-of-moving-decisions-for-older-homeowners/ U4 - RETIREMENT/Housing Equity/Mobility ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Gradual Retirement, Sense of Control, and Retirees' Happiness JF - Research on Aging Y1 - 2009 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Haverstick, Kelly A1 - Sass, Steven A. KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - The aim of this study was to explore the factors that affect an individual's happiness while transitioning into retirement. Recent studies have found that workers often view the idea of gradual retirement as a more attractive alternative than a cold turkey or abrupt retirement. However, there is very little evidence as to whether phasing or cold turkey makes for a happier retirement. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, the authors explored what shapes the change in happiness between the last wave of full employment and the first wave of full retirement. The results suggest that what matters is not the type of transition (gradual retirement or cold turkey) but whether people perceive the transition as chosen or forced. PB - 31 VL - 31 IS - 1 U4 - RETIREMENT/Older workers ER - TY - RPRT T1 - A Gradual Exit May Not Make for a Happier Retirement Y1 - 2007 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Haverstick, Kelly A1 - Sass, Steven A. KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - Workers often say they want to retire gradually. As retirement is a sharp break with life as they know it, it’s not surprising that many prefer to negotiate the transition a step at a time. Many policymakers also view gradual retirement favorably. They see it as a way to extend careers, shorten retirements, and thereby improve retirement income security. Expanding opportunities for gradual or “phased” retirement has thus gained a prominent place on the policy agenda. Workers who say they want to retire gradually, however, are clearly not basing their preference on personal experience. These workers have not retired both ways, concluding that retiring in stages is better. To shed light on this issue, this brief summarizes a new study comparing individuals who retired gradually with those who retired “cold turkey” and asks which are happier in retirement. The study uses happiness as the yardstick because it measures realized quality of life; other criteria — such as income, wealth, social status, or health — measure potential quality of life. Greater happiness in retirement is also what workers seem to expect if they exit the labor force gradually… JF - Center for Retirement Research at Boston College Briefs PB - Center for Retirement Research at Boston College CY - Boston UR - https://crr.bc.edu/briefs/a-gradual-exit-may-not-make-for-a-happier-retirement/ U4 - RETIREMENT ER - TY - RPRT T1 - What Makes Retirees Happier: A Gradual or 'Cold Turkey' Retirement? Y1 - 2007 A1 - Calvo, Esteban A1 - Haverstick, Kelly A1 - Sass, Steven A. KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - This study explores the factors that affect an individual s happiness while transitioning into retirement. Recent studies highlight gradual retirement as an attractive option to older workers as they approach full retirement. However, it is not clear whether phasing or cold turkey makes for a happier retirement. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, this study explores what shapes the change in happiness between the last wave of full employment and the first wave of full retirement. Results suggest that what really matters is not the type of transition (gradual retirement or cold turkey), but whether people perceive the transition as chosen or forced. PB - Chestnut Hill, MA, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College UR - http://crr.bc.edu/ U4 - RETIREMENT ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Does Working Longer Make People Healthier and Happier? JF - Center for Retirement Research Issue Brief Y1 - 2006 A1 - Calvo, Esteban KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Expectations KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Healthcare AB - Financing retirement is one of the major challenges facing an aging U.S. population. If individuals continue to retire in their early 60s, many will be hard pressed to maintain an adequate standard of living throughout retirement due to the declining role of Social Security, the shift to 401(k) plans, and low personal saving rates. Combine the retirement income crunch with the dramatic increase in life expectancy, and continued employment in later life appears to be an attractive option. While it is clear that working longer would benefit older Americans financially, less attention has focused on the non-monetary effects of work at older ages. This brief addresses the impact of late-life paid work on physical and psychological well-being. The first section reviews the literature on work at older ages and elderly well-being. The second section describes the analysis. The third and fourth sections present the results. The fifth section identifies vulnerable groups. A final section offers concluding thoughts. PB - Series 2 VL - Series 2 IS - Feb U4 - Retirement Expectations/Work Behavior/Social Interaction/health outcomes ER -