%0 Journal Article %J Journal of Psychosomatic Research %D 2018 %T Association between effort-reward imbalance and self-reported diabetes mellitus in older U.S. workers %A Mutambudzi, Miriam %A Johannes Siegrist %A Meyer, John D. %A Li, Jian %K Diabetes %K Psychosocial %K Self-reported health %X Objective Studies assessing the effects of work stress on health in older adults in the U.S. labor force are scarce. We examined the longitudinal association between work stress as measured by effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and incident diabetes over a 7-year period in U.S. working adults aged 50 years and older. Methods We used longitudinal data from the 2006–2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 1932). Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine whether ERI significantly predicted diabetes incidence in older adults who were diabetes-free at baseline. Results High stress level at work (ERI ratio > 1.0) was found in participants who worked 55 h or more a week (37.3%), had no insurance coverage (35.9%), and those working in blue collar jobs (34.4%). Participants with high ERI had a significantly higher risk of diabetes (HR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.04–1.69) relative to those with low ERI, after adjustment for known predictors of adult-onset diabetes. Conclusion Effort-reward imbalance was associated with increased risk of diabetes incidence after controlling for other known predictive factors, which suggests an independent non-mediated effect of work stressors. More research is required to better understand the effects of work stress in aging populations and how psychosocial disequilibrium in the work environment may impact susceptibility to chronic conditions, and in particular how change in self-assessed reward might vary toward the end of a working lifetime. %B Journal of Psychosomatic Research %V 104 %P 61-64 %G eng %U http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022399917307298http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0022399917307298?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0022399917307298?httpAccept=text/plain %! Journal of Psychosomatic Research %R 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.008 %0 Journal Article %J PloS one %D 2013 %T Relationships of Disability with Age Among Adults Aged 50 to 85: Evidence from the United States, England and Continental Europe %A Morten Wahrendorf %A Reinhardt, Jan D. %A Johannes Siegrist %K Cross-National %K Disabilities %K ELSA %K Net Worth and Assets %K SHARE %X Objectives: To extend existing research on the US health disadvantage relative to Europe by studying the relationships of disability with age from midlife to old age in the US and four European regions (England/Northern and Western Europe/Southern Europe/Eastern Europe) including their wealth-related differences, using a flexible statistical approach to model the age-functions. Methods: We used data from three studies on aging, with nationally representative samples of adults aged 50 to 85 from 15 countries (N = 48225): the US-American Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Outcomes were mobility limitations and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living. We applied fractional polynomials of age to determine best fitting functional forms for age on disability in each region, while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and important risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity). Results: Findings showed high levels of disability in the US with small age-related changes between 50 and 85. Levels of disability were generally lower in Eastern Europe, followed by England and Southern Europe and lowest in Northern and Western Europe. In these latter countries age-related increases of disability, though, were steeper than in the US, especially in Eastern and Southern Europe. For all countries and at all ages, disability levels were higher among adults with low wealth compared to those with high wealth, with largest wealth-related differences among those in early old age in the USA. Conclusions: This paper illustrates considerable variations of disability and its relationship with age. It supports the hypothesis that less developed social policies and more pronounced socioeconomic inequalities are related to higher levels of disability and an earlier onset of disability. %B PloS one %I 8 %V 8 %G eng %N 8 %4 ELSA_/SHARE/cross-national comparison/disability/disability/wealth %$ 69196 %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0071893 %0 Journal Article %J BMC Public Health %D 2013 %T Work stress and depressive symptoms in older employees: impact of national labour and social policies. %A Lunau, T. %A Morten Wahrendorf %A Dragano, N. %A Johannes Siegrist %K depression %K Employment %K Europe %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Public Policy %K Risk Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

BACKGROUND: Maintaining health and work ability among older employees is a primary target of national labour and social policies (NLSP) in Europe. Depression makes a significant contribution to early retirement, and chronic work-related stress is associated with elevated risks of depression. We test this latter association among older employees and explore to what extent indicators of distinct NLSP modify the association between work stress and depressive symptoms. We choose six indicators, classified in three categories: (1) investment in active labour market policies, (2) employment protection, (3) level of distributive justice.

METHODS: We use data from three longitudinal ageing studies (SHARE, HRS, ELSA) including 5650 men and women in 13 countries. Information on work stress (effort-reward imbalance, low work control) and depressive symptoms (CES-D, EURO-D) was obtained. Six NLSP indicators were selected from OECD databases. Associations of work stress (2004) with depressive symptoms (2006) and their modification by policy indicators were analysed using logistic multilevel models.

RESULTS: Risk of depressive symptoms at follow-up is higher among those experiencing effort-reward imbalance (OR: 1.55 95% CI 1.27-1.89) and low control (OR: 1.46 95% CI 1.19-1.79) at work. Interaction terms indicate a modifying effect of a majority of protective NLSP indicators on the strength of associations of effort - reward imbalance with depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Work stress is associated with elevated risk of prospective depressive symptoms among older employees from 13 European countries. Protective labour and social policies modify the strength of these associations. If further supported findings may have important policy implications.

%B BMC Public Health %I 13 %V 13 %P 1086 %8 2013 Nov 21 %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256638?dopt=Abstract %4 Cross-national study/Demand-control/Depressive symptoms/Effort-reward imbalance/Labour and social policies/Work stress %$ 999999 %R 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1086 %0 Journal Article %J Global Health %D 2012 %T Depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress at work among older employees in three continents. %A Johannes Siegrist %A Lunau, T. %A Morten Wahrendorf %A Dragano, N. %K Asia %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Data collection %K depression %K Europe %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Middle Aged %K North America %K Prevalence %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Work %X

BACKGROUND: To assess whether an association of psychosocial stress at work with depressive symptoms among older employees is evident in a set of comparable empirical studies from Europe, North America and Asia.

METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariate regression analyses of data from 4 cohort studies with elder workers (2004 and 2006) testing associations of psychosocial stress at work ('effort-reward imbalance'; 'low control') with depressive symptoms.

RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses from 17 countries with 14.236 participants reveal elevated odds ratios of depressive symptoms among people experiencing high work stress compared to those with low or no work stress. Adjusted odds ratios vary from 1.64 (95% CI 1.02-2.63) in Japan to 1.97 (95% CI 1.75-2.23) in Europe and 2.28 (95% CI 1.59-3.28) in the USA. Odds ratios from additional longitudinal analyses (in 13 countries) controlling for baseline depression are smaller, but remain in part significant.

CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that psychosocial stress at work might be a relevant risk factor for depressive symptoms among older employees across countries and continents. This observation may call for global policy efforts to improve quality of work in view of a rapidly aging workforce, in particular in times of economic globalization.

%B Global Health %I 8 %V 8 %P 27 %8 2012 Jul 20 %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818354?dopt=Abstract %4 psychosocial/Depression/cross-national/labor Force Participation/Older Workers/Stress/workplace %$ 69706 %R 10.1186/1744-8603-8-27