%0 Journal Article %J Journal of Applied Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and social sciences %D 2024 %T Does the Impact of Episodic Memory Declines on Future Changes in Perceived Control Vary Based on Individuals' Experience With Cognitively Demanding Jobs? %A Oi, Katsuya %K Aging %K Humans %K Memory, Episodic %K Occupational Stress %K Retirement %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

OBJECTIVES: This study proposes and evaluates a scenario wherein cognitive demands experienced at work can amplify the positive cross-lagged association of a shift in control beliefs following changes in episodic memory.

METHODS: From the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2018) for 9,998 participants aged 50 or above, we used repeated observations of memory and control beliefs, assessed with the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICS-m) and self-mastery and perceived constraints questionnaires. A dual-Latent Change Score Model estimated the cross-lagged effects between memory and control beliefs, separately for individuals with prior high cognitive job demands and those without.

RESULTS: A decline in memory led to decreased control beliefs in terms of perceived constraints, only among those with experiences in cognitively demanding jobs.

DISCUSSION: High cognitive job demands may lead to a more cognitively oriented awareness of aging, thus amplifying the impact of memory decline on control constraints.

%B Journal of Applied Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and social sciences %V 79 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/geronb/gbae007 %0 Journal Article %J J Aging Health %D 2023 %T Are Changes in Somatic Health Reflected Differently in Updated Self-Ratings by Big-Five Personality Traits? %A Oi, Katsuya %A Hardy, Melissa %X

OBJECTIVES: This longitudinal study tests whether the Big-Five personality traits influence the changes individuals make in self-rated health (SRH) as they adjust their initial level to account for information on concurrent changes in disease burden, activities of daily living (ADLs), and pain.

METHODS: A bi-variate Latent Growth Curve model was fitted to data to estimate longitudinal associations between SRH and each health measure across up-to-five repeated observations, collected from the year 2006 to 2018 from 13,096 participants in the Health and Retirement Study.

RESULTS: Negative longitudinal associations between SRH and all three health reports were significantly stronger for those who are more conscientious. No significant moderation was found for the other four personality traits.

DISCUSSION: Compared to the less conscientious, highly conscientious people may assign greater importance to specific health reports when rating and revising their assessments of SRH. This moderating effect was previously tested but not supported.

%B J Aging Health %P 8982643231180934 %G eng %R 10.1177/08982643231180934 %0 Journal Article %J J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %D 2023 %T Do older adults adjust their control beliefs according to changes in mobility limitations? Evidence from a large-scale observational study. %A Oi, Katsuya %X

OBJECTIVES: This study examines cross-over, time-lagged (cross-lagged) effects of non-intervened changes between mobility limitations and control constraints/self-mastery.

METHODS: Using the Health and Retirement Study data from the years 2006 through 2016 from 10,690 participants, changes in mobility limitations, control constraints, and self-mastery were analyzed simultaneously with three latent change score models, to account for measurement error and pre-existing mobility issues prior to baseline.

RESULTS: An increase in mobility limitations predicts a decrease in mastery observed in the next interval, but not the other way around. Cross-lagged effects of changes are significant only between control and local mobility limitations concerning upper/lower extremity and associated large muscles.

DISCUSSION: The results indicate reciprocity between perceived control constraints and local mobility regardless of pre-existing limitations. To better facilitate recovery and prevention, future intervention designs should consider alleviating control constraints in addition to improving self-mastery.

%B J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %G eng %R 10.1093/geronb/gbad067 %0 Journal Article %J The Journals of Gerontology, Series B %D 2022 %T Age Profiles of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Late Life in the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS). %A Walsh, Christine E %A Yang, Yang C %A Oi, Katsuya %A Allison E Aiello %A Daniel W. Belsky %A Mullan Harris, Kathleen %A Brenda L Plassman %K ADAMS %K Cognition %K joint models %K latent class %K longitudinal trajectories %K Mortality %X

OBJECTIVES: To better understand the temporal dynamics of progression from cognitive decline to onset of dementia in the dementia-free older population in the U.S.

METHODS: We used longitudinal data from a diverse national population-based sample of older adults (N=531) in the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) with repeated measures of cognitive function and dementia diagnosis during 12 years of follow-up from 1996 to 2009. We employed joint latent class mixed models to estimate the association between cognitive change and competing risks of dementia and non-dementia death and identify heterogeneity in the age profiles of such association adjusting for baseline characteristics.

RESULTS: Our analyses found three latent classes with distinct age profiles of cognitive decline and associated risk of dementia and mortality: "Rapid Cognitive Decline" (19.6%), "Moderate Progression" (44.6%), and "Optimal Cognitive Aging" (35.8%). When simultaneously accounting for cognitive trajectories and time-to-dementia/death, we also found associations of baseline covariates with slope of cognitive decline (e.g., steeper decline among non-Hispanic Blacks and more educated) and risk of dementia (e.g., greater risk for females and apolipoprotein E [APOE-4] carriers, but no difference by education level) that differ substantially from those in separate longitudinal mixed models or survival models.

DISCUSSION: The differential age patterns of cognitive decline predicting dementia incidences identified in this study suggest variation in the course of cognitive aging in older adults that may inform future etiological and intervention studies.

%B The Journals of Gerontology, Series B %V 77 %P 1880-1891 %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1093/geronb/gbac038 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Aging %D 2022 %T Would It Kill You to Retire? Testing Short/Long Term/Recurrent Effects of Retirement on All-Cause Mortality Risk. %A Oi, Katsuya %K health %K mortality risk %K Retirement %X

This study traced all-cause mortality risk over the course of retirement and tested whether re-retirement impacts mortality risk differently than the first time. The study differentiated retirement on whether prompted by health (health retirement) or not (non-health retirement). Based on data from 1992 to 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the sample consists of 7747 women and 7958 men who were working at the baseline. Adjusting for physical health before/after retirement, the discrete-time logit model found increased mortality risk within the first year of non-health retirement only for men, regardless of physical health changes. Re-retirement did not raise mortality risk further. Furthermore, health retirement increased mortality for men and women but substantially less after their surviving the first year. The findings urge future study to explore non-physical pathways of an immediate mortality increase for men in retirement, as well as the monitoring of population trends in health retirement and its antecedents.

%B Research on Aging %V 44 %P 619-638 %G eng %N 7-8 %R 10.1177/01640275211068151 %0 Journal Article %J Longitudinal and Life Course Studies %D 2021 %T What role for the ‘long arm of childhood’ in social gradients? An international comparison of high-income contexts %A Steven A Haas %A Zhou, Zhangjun %A Oi, Katsuya %K ELSA %K SHARE %K social gradiant %K TILDA %X Social gradients in health have been a focus of research for decades. Two important lines of social gradient research have examined (1) international variation in their magnitude and (2) their life course / developmental antecedents. The present study brings these two strands together to explore the developmental origins of educational gradients in health. We leverage data spanning 14 high-income contexts from the Health and Retirement Study and its sisters in Europe. We find that early-life health and socio-economic status consistently attenuate educational gradients in multimorbidity and functional limitation. However, the relative contribution of early-life factors to gradients varies substantially across contexts. The results suggest that research on social gradients, and population health broadly, would benefit from the unique insights available from a conceptual and empirical approach that integrates comparative and life course perspectives. %B Longitudinal and Life Course Studies %V 12 %P 147-171(25) %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1332/175795920X16025975665508 %0 Journal Article %J Intelligence %D 2020 %T Disuse as time away from a cognitively demanding job; how does it temporally or developmentally impact late-life cognition? %A Oi, Katsuya %K cognitive aging %K Cognitive Reserve %K Disuse atrophy %K Joint modeling %K Longitudinal analysis, %K Use-or-lose-it hypothesis %X Cognitive aging and disuse atrophy during a non-working period are often indiscernible due to retirement. This study uses a latent growth curve model that estimates cognitive change, independently and jointly by time over a period, time away from work, and the cognitive job demands of the latest job, while adjusting for attrition biases. Data consist of 14,124 Health and Retirement Study participants whose cognition was assessed at least twice between 1996 and 2016, with the word-recall and the vocabulary tests. Independently of cognitive aging, the word-recall score temporarily declines for the following 17 years of a disuse period while the vocabulary score slightly and constantly improves. In both tests, cognitive aging accelerates over time away from work, and leaving a more cognitively demanding job attenuates cognitive decline during a disuse period and does not slow cognitive aging itself. %B Intelligence %V 82 %@ 0160-2896 %G eng %R https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101484 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Aging %D 2020 %T Does Retirement Get Under the Skin and Into the Head? Testing the Pathway from Retirement to Cardio-Metabolic Risk, then to Episodic Memory %A Oi, Katsuya %K Cognitive decline %K gender %K labor force %K Retirement %K Stress %X Many studies document significant causal impacts of retirement on cognitive abilities. It remains unclear if cognitive functioning could be hindered in post-retirement due to heightened physiological responses to stress. Using repeated observations of biomarkers, retirement status, and the word-recall test score from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 25,367; 15,343 among women and 10,024 among men), the study tests this pathway, separately for men and women. The study employs the two-stage least squares fixed-effects model that simultaneously fits three equations predicting the total-recall score, cardio-metabolic risk index, and retirement status. Being retired for at least a year decreases cardio-metabolic risk for men and women, and the resulting relief of cardio-metabolic risk improves cognitive functioning for women but not for men. Retirement does not lead to a downward health spiral as previously suggested; rather, it provides a much needed relief from stressors for those who are at health risks. %B Research on Aging %@ 0164-0275 %G eng %R https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027520941161 %0 Journal Article %J J Health Soc Behav %D 2019 %T Cardiometabolic Risk and Cognitive Decline: The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Childhood and Adulthood. %A Oi, Katsuya %A Steven A Haas %K cardiometabolic risk %K cognitive aging %K life course %K socioeconomic status %X

Socioeconomic conditions in childhood predict cognitive functioning in later life. It is unclear whether poor childhood socioeconomic status (SES) also predicts the acceleration of cognitive decline. One proposed pathway is via cardiometabolic risk, which has been linked to both childhood SES and earlier onset of cognitive impairment. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the impact of childhood SES on cognitive trajectories over six years and test whether it operates through increased cardiometabolic risk and adult SES. We find that higher childhood SES leads to slower cognitive decline, partially due to lower levels of cardiometabolic risk. However, these pathways operate entirely through adult socioeconomic attainment. The results have important implications for future trends in cognitive population health within the context of growing social inequality and reduced social mobility.

%B J Health Soc Behav %V 60 %P 326-343 %8 2019 Sep %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31526019 %N 3 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31526019?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/0022146519867924 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Aging %D 2019 %T Does gender differentiate the effects of retirement on cognitive health? %A Oi, Katsuya %K Cognition & Reasoning %K Gender Differences %K Retirement Planning & Satisfaction %X Prior research on change in cognitive performance before and after retirement suffers from inattention to gender context. This study theoretically motivates the testing of gender differences in cognitive decline after retirement. I drew 67,905 observations of cognitive function based on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status from 18,453 participants (7,830 men and 10,623 women) in the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2014). I used fixed-effects two-stage least square models to account for unobserved heterogeneity between men and women in the sample and the endogeneity of retirement decision. I also controlled for change in depressive symptoms, mobility limitations, individual wealth, medical expenses, and spousal income. Retirement predicts a decrease in the cognitive score by 2.168 on a scale of 0-35 for women, but no change for men. Continued employment may buffer against risk factors that aggravate women's cognitive health. %B Research on Aging %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30732530?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/0164027519828062 %0 Journal Article %J Intelligence %D 2017 %T Inter-connected trends in cognitive aging and depression: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study %A Oi, Katsuya %K Cognitive Ability %K Depressive symptoms %X The cohort process of cognitive aging is a contested topic in population research. The literature is largely in disagreement over how and why inter-cohort trends in cognitive aging occur in the United States. This paper examines significant trends in the rate of cognitive decline and conceptualizes the role of the depression trajectory as a late life course process that accelerates cognitive aging at the individual and population level. To this end, I draw my study sample from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 24,678) and use aging-vector models as an extension of parallel-process latent growth modeling to analyze repeated measures of cognition and depression. Findings show the acceleration of cognitive decline (“negative” Flynn Effect) and worsening of depression risk for recent cohorts. The upward trends in depression account for significant acceleration in cognitive decline among later cohorts, thus providing a new insight into socio-genic population dynamics of cognitive aging. %B Intelligence %V 63 %P 56-65 %G eng %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616303191 %! Intelligence %R 10.1016/j.intell.2017.05.004 %0 Journal Article %J Demography %D 2017 %T The Life Course, Cohort Dynamics, and International Differences in Aging Trajectories %A Steven A Haas %A Oi, Katsuya %A Zhou, Zhangjun %K Cross-National %K Life trajectories %K SHARE %X In recent years, population health research has focused on understanding the determinants of later-life health. Two strands of that work have focused on (1) international comparisons of later-life health and (2) assessing the early-life origins of disease and disability and the importance of life course processes. However, the less frequently examined intersection of these approaches remains an important frontier. The present study contributes to the integration of these approaches. We use the Health and Retirement Study family of data sets and a cohort dynamic approach to compare functional health trajectories across 12 high-income countries and to examine the role of life course processes and cohort dynamics in contributing to variation in those trajectories. We find substantial international variation in functional health trajectories and an important role of cohort dynamics in generating that variation, with younger cohorts often less healthy at comparable ages than the older cohorts they are replacing. We further find evidence of heterogeneous effects of life course processes on health trajectories. The results have important implications for future trends in morbidity and mortality as well as public policy. %B Demography %V 54 %P 2043–2071 %G eng %U http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9/fulltext.html %N 6 %! Demography %R 10.1007/s13524-017-0624-9